Consistently, the enhanced expression of FABP1, CPT2, HMGCS2 proteins, and reduced levels of inflammation cytokines induced by HDCA in the liver of Pparαflox/flox mice were eliminated in hepatocyte-specific PPARα deficient mice (Fig. 5o-p). The gene discussed is HMGCS2; the disease is pancreatic hypoplasia-diabetes-congenital heart disease syndrome.