INS and Insulin resistance: Although the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp is considered the gold standard for determining insulin resistance, given the fact that it is invasive, time consuming, and expensive, conventionally in epidemiological studies and clinical practice, the Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) has been recognized as a reliable and popular method to gauge insulin resistance, using fasting blood glucose and insulin (24, 25).