Thanks to the antibodies targeting PD-1 or PD-L1, the overall survival in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been significantly improved, and the five-year survival in PD-L1-positive patients has been raised from no more than 5% to virtually 30% (3, 4). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.