ZNF24 and infection: To confirm that RsgA inhibits phage propagation and to confirm the phage inhibition phenotype was not due to a host mutation, we isolated pCA24N-rsgA from E. coli AG1 of the ASKA Collection, electroporated pCA24N-rsgA into BW25113, and produced RsgA and found it inhibited T4 phage (MOI 0.01) after a single round of infection for 2 h by 4 ± 3-fold (Supplementary Table 2A).