TGFB1 and neoplasm: In cancer, the pleiotropic response to TGF-β leads to a variety of gene responses, ranging from apoptotic suppression of tumor responses in early-stage tumors to proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and carcinogenesis responses in advanced cancers 11, which are closely related to the regulation of EMT, and EMT can promote the transformation of tumor cells into cancer stem cells (CSCs) and acquire resistance characteristics to multiple drugs.