IFNG and schistosomiasis: Additionally, Toll-like receptor (TLR)4- and IFN-γ-activated MSCs could enhance the Th1-polarized response, which alleviated liver granulomatous and fibrosis in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum, whereas TLR2- and IFN-γ-activated MSC not only induced Th1 response, but also triggered excessive inflammation, which displayed aggravated immunopathology of schistosomiasis [104].