In 2010, Kikushige Y et al. first reported TIM-3 on the surface of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) but not on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) [41]; Since this report, TIM-3 has been thought of as a biomarker for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) stem cells as well as a target for treatments directed against myeloid leukemia stem cells for patients with AML and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) [95, 96]. Here, HAVCR2 is linked to leukemia.