In chronic inflammation and fibrosis of NAFLD, Shalapour et al. [16] observed accumulation of liver-resident immunoglobulin-A-producing (IgA+) cells, which expressed PD-L1 and interleukin-10, and directly suppress liver cytotoxic CD8 + T lymphocytes, which prevent hepatocellular carcinogenesis and express a limited repertoire of T-cell receptors against tumour-associated antigens. Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.