TGFβ1 has been implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the development of IPF through various signaling pathways, including the TGFβ1/Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog (SMAD) pathway(Inui et al. 2021; Ghatak et al. 2017). Here, TGFB1 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.