HNF1A and type 2 diabetes mellitus: We identified 4623 and 5359 peaks that gain or lose chromatin accessibility in T2D (Fig. 5a–c, Supplementary Data 3); the dynamics of these peaks can be visualized after grouping all β-cells into bins based on their T2D pseudo index, such as CDKN2A/B and HNF1A (Fig. 5c, f, g).