KRAS and lung carcinoma: KRAS plays a crucial role in intracellular signaling pathways that are involved in cell growth and survival.39 It is the most dominant mutated subtype in the RAS family and is responsible for 85% of RAS gene-driven cancers, particularly in pancreatic, colorectal, and lung cancers.40–42 KRAS alternates between inactive GDP-bound states and active GTP-bound states.