TGFB1 and neoplasm: Significantly increased cytotoxic activity of PAR1CAR-T cells toward TGF-β-mediated PAR1-upregulated HPAF-II and CFPAC-1 cells was observed (Fig. 4B, * p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.001, respectively), compared to unexposed HPAF-II and CFPAC-1 cells with lower levels of endogenous PAR1.Taken together, as a positive regulator of PAR-1 expression, TGF-β stimulation subsequently enhanced tumor cell responsiveness to PAR1CAR-T-cell-specific targeting.