In skin lesions of patients with SLE, the expression of HMGB1, which is expressed in the cytoplasmic and extracellular spaces, is upregulated in the epidermis and dermis and is correlated with the levels of IL-1β and TNF (Ardoin and Pisetsky 2008; Popovic et al. 2005). This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus.