VEGFA and cancer: Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) software program, we discovered multiple cell death- and cancer-related pathways such as “cell kill, JAK-STAT signal pathway, T cell and nature killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, VEGF signal pathway, and B cell, T cell and Toll like receptor signal pathway” were considerably abundant in the low-risk subgroup (Supplementary Fig. 3).