The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis demonstrated that they primarily participated in the HCC-related pathways, such as “Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, Apoptosis, Hepatitis C, C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway, and Alcoholic liver disease” signaling pathways (Supplementary Fig. 1C). Here, TNF is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.