The interaction of LRR with PAMPs or DAMPs promotes TIR binding to intracytoplasmic proteins, propagating signals in cells, activating downstream networks such as NF-κB, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 MAP kinase pathways, further regulating the expression of cancer-related apoptosis and proliferation-related genes40–42. Here, MAPK14 is linked to cancer.