For example, exosomes released by CAFs can stimulate Retinoic Acid Inducible Gene 1 Protein (RIG-1) signaling in cancer cells, and Jagged 1 (JAG1) on CAFs can activate NOTCH3 signaling on cancer cells, and these pathways work together to promote tumor resistance to radiation therapy and chemotherapy [104]. This evidence concerns the gene NOTCH3 and cancer.