TLR9 and HIV infectious disease: By comparing PWH on ART to healthy individuals, our study findings were not limited to differences in IFN-I pathway regulation, but also identified differential regulation of other genes involved in cytokine regulation and production, complement activation, antigen presentation, NK and T cell activation Furthermore, we also observed that TLR9 agonist treatment during HIV infection induced upregulation of select genes involved in pDCs cytokine and chemokine production as well as activation and function of adaptive immune cells, consistent with earlier reports in HIV26,38 and cancer studies.39