IL6 and carcinoma: TAMs directly activate or inhibit the NF-κB, IL-6/STAT3, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β1/BMP, and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in HCC cells by producing cytokines and exosomes and overexpressing related proteins, affecting carcinoma cell proliferation, invasion and migration ability, angiogenesis, and liver fibrosis progression, thus affecting the progression of HCC.