In detail, high expression of two subtypes of ADAR1 (p150 and p110) was observed in the atrial tissues of patients with atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect (VSD), and ADAR1 expression was increased approximately threefold in patients with tetralogy of fallot and atrioventricular septal defect compared to the control group (Altaf et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene ADAR and atrial septal defect.