LAIR1 and neoplasm: However, when the ECM becomes dysfunctional in TMEs, aberrant collagen expression may both exclude LAIR-1 expressing immune cells from infiltrating the TME, and at the same time prevent tumor antigen-specific T cells from becoming activated and developing into cytotoxic effector T cells through LAIR-1 mediated inhibitory signaling (55, 72, 77, 78) (Figure 3).