Another study from 2015 examined women with STIs from Cape Town and Durban, South Africa, and found that those who had gonorrhea had higher levels of IL-17 at the genital site than controls who had no STIs, although the association between gonococcal infection and increased levels of IL-17 was not significant after accounting for co-infection with other STIs detected included Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, HSV-2, bacterial vaginosis and candida infection (87). This evidence concerns the gene IL17A and bacterial vaginosis.