Interestingly, lower lung protein levels of IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-1β as well as mRNA levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α and higher levels of IL-10 were found in co-infection than in Mtb-monoinfection at the 30 days post-infection (318), similar to Hildebrand and colleagues (317). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.