ESR1 and breast cancer: Although estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer remains a dominant phenotype in Africa (Kakudji et al., 2021; Popli et al., 2021), a substantive increase in other subtypes, particularly triple-negative breast cancer or basal-like tumors in Uganda (Galukande et al., 2014), Eritrea and Sudan (Sengal et al., 2017), has been found compared to developed countries (Sung et al., 2021; Hercules et al., 2022).