PDYN and epilepsy: Neuropeptides are attractive therapeutic targets for their highly specific interactions with target receptors and very low effective concentrations.39 One of the promising neuropeptides is dynorphin, which interacts with kappa opioid receptors and exerts an inhibitory effect in the limbic system.40 Adeno-associated viral vector delivered pre-pro-dynorphin in hippocampal regions in rat and mouse chronic models of epilepsy leads to a prolonged suppression of spontaneous seizures, and prevents a decline of learning and memory.16,17