TNF and colitis: Other studies investigated the efficiency of L. reuteri R2LC, ATCC PTA 4659, F-9-35, and 5454, these strains also can alleviate inflammation in mice colitis, characterized by downregulated pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, and interferon-γ, the decisive cytokines in colitis development (Ahl et al., 2016; Sun et al., 2018; Hrdy et al., 2020).