The mentioned overproduction of ROS and RNS as well as prolonged inflammation may lead to the neoplastic transformation of cells by oxidative DNA damage, including DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA or DNA–protein cross-linking, or stimulation of ROS/MAPK and ROS/Keap1-Nrf2-ARE as well ROS/PI3K/Akt signalling pathways associated with the promotion or inhibition of BC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion26–30. Here, AKT1 is linked to breast cancer.