Given the significance of hepatic ER stress in NAFLD [21] and the role of UFBP1 in maintaining ER homeostasis through ufmylation [32], we investigated the UPR pathways in indicated cell lines and livers of HFD mice injected with AAVs to uncover the underlying mechanism behind the protective effects of ufmylation on UFBP1 in NAFLD. Here, DDRGK1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.