TNF and primary ciliary dyskinesia: Our experiments showed that under unstimulated conditions, MCEs derived from PCD patients had higher mean production of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8/CXCL8, TNF-α) and growth factors for granulocytes (GM-CSF) and T cells (IL-2) than WT (p < 0.05) (Fig. 1).