NOX4 and endothelial dysfunction: For example, saxagliptin attenuates ox-LDL-induced cytokine and vascular adhesion molecule (TNF-α, Il-1β, ICAM-1, VCAM-1) production by inhibiting AP-1 and NF-κB and reduces Nox4 expression, thereby inhibiting the excessive generation of ROS and improving endothelial dysfunction [114].