IGFBP7 and central nervous system cancer: Moreover, it had been demonstrated that IGFBP7 expression upregulation was associated with poor clinical outcomes in breast cancer, lung cancer, esophageal adenocarcinoma, and soft-tissue sarcomas (STS), was associated with good clinical outcomes in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), glioma, high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC), esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma (EJA), and pancreatic cancer.