IGFBP7 and invasive carcinoma: By immunohistochemistry (IHC), they proved that IGFBP7 expression in blood vessels is upregulated in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) compared with normal tissue, while IGFBP7 expression in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) is more extensive in invasive carcinomas than in DCIS [34].