Moreover, Li et al. have shown that oral administration of PFD suppresses colitis in mice models by downregulation of collagen, TGF-β, and inhibition of proliferation and transdifferentiation of fibroblasts, which is consistent with Fujiwara et al. findings in the inhibition effect of PFD in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-stroma interactions and cancer progression41. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cancer.