HP and gastrointestinal disease: Recent studies have found that BXD has certain effects on gastrointestinal diseases caused by Hp infection.[14] In Hp-treated GES-1 cells, Chen et al found that treatment with the BXD-containing serum could suppress the expression of TGF-β1 and Smad3, and increase the expression of Smad7 in a dose-dependent manner.[70] Qu et al tested the antibacterial effect of BXD on the 8 strains of Hp resistant strains separated from patients.