An experimental study that used repeated sub-anaesthetic doses of ketamine to induce schizophrenia-like cognitive deficits in rats further showed that cannabidiol improves cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia-like behaviours while upregulating CX3CR1 transcript levels in the prelimbic, limbinc and cingulate areas (the human equivalent would be the prefrontal cortex) [93]. This evidence concerns the gene CX3CR1 and Cognitive impairment.