CD4 and neoplasm: We found that NeoAg and ICB combination enhanced the amount of intratumoral PD-1hiICOS+CD4+ Tfh-like cells (Figure 8F and Figure 9B); however, agonistic cross-linking of CD40 overcame the lack of CD4+ T cells (both Th1 and Tfh), suggesting that targeting peripheral APC, including cDC1, for relay of help is necessary and sufficient to form a stable anti-tumor CD8+ T cell response.