TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: This is particularly relevant for patients with axSpA and co-existent IBD, since the treatment options for this patient group is limited to monoclonal anti-TNFα antibodies.72 Moreover, tofacitinib and upadacitinib are efficacious in ulcerative colitis and are already approved in this indication.73,74 Furthermore, upadacitinib and filgotinib have shown favorable results in Crohn’s disease in phase 2 studies,75–77 while the results of a phase 3 study of upadacitinib in Crohn’s disease are awaited.