MTOR and osteosarcoma: In this context, Liu et al. [94] demonstrated the effects on autophagy of andrographolide in human osteosarcoma cells by suppressing the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways and enhancing the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway.