LBP and pulmonary tuberculosis: We have previously identified several inflammatory markers associated with TB risk in HIV positive, antiretroviral therapy (ART) experienced individuals (specifically lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) -1, interleukin (IL) -1β, IL-6 and IL-1Ra) [15, 16] as well as inflammatory markers associated with disease severity (measured by presence of lung cavitation) in drug-susceptible pulmonary TB (including IL-6 and IL-1Ra) [17].