Additionally, oral administration of grape-derived exosome-like nanoparticles has demonstrated the ability to target intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and macrophages, leading to increased survival and proliferation of IECs, decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and elevated levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-10 and IL-22, in experimental colitis induced by DSS [10]. Here, TNF is linked to colitis.