In addition, the inflammatory cytokines Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and Arginase 1 (Arg-1) were significantly upregulated after the TgCtwh3 infection, while glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was down regulated (Fig 1F). Here, TNF is linked to infection.