To ensure these findings were not better explained by vascular risk factors (e.g., smoking, hypertension, obesity), which are common in PWH and associated with inflammation and coagulation in the literature, we added these variables to the model but their addition did not weaken the association between the significant biomarkers (CCL2/MCP-1, sCD14, and D-dimer) and loneliness. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.