Analysis of brain tissue from macaques with suppressed infection or infection with attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) demonstrate microglial proliferation, activated astrocytes with increased GFAP, and upregulation of cyclooxygenase-1 and 2 (COX-1 and COX-2) that prolonged even after acute infection (Byrnes et al., 2023). The gene discussed is PTGS1; the disease is infection.