BDNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Importantly, cognitive impairment in patients with T2DM manifest in a variety of ways, including reduced levels of cognitive markers such as BDNF, decreased information processing speed, and impaired performance during the dual-task gait test (Silsupadol et al., 2009; Kovacevic et al., 2020; Novak et al., 2022).