In the present study, human CD45+EPCs from the HCC microenvironment expressed higher levels of TGF-β than those in the circulation (Figure 1F, Figure S3A, Figure S4), and showed increased activation of neutrophil-related pathways, cell adhesion, and RNA regulation (Figure 1G, Figure S3B). Here, TGFB1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.