CXCL12 and HIV infectious disease: Additionally, several SNPs in genes encoding cytokines and chemokines and their receptors are important in HIV infection and associated with inflammatory INR status, such as IFNγ rs2430561, IL19 rs2243191, CXCL12 (SDF-1) rs1801157, MCP-1 (CCR2) rs1799864_814, and fractalkine (CX3CR1) rs373278_814 and rs3732379. CCR2 rs1799864-AG and CXCL12 rs1801157-TT genotypes are considered prognostic markers of poor immunological recovery, whereas the CX3CR1 249I polymorphism is related to earlier immune failure (Table 1) (32–34, 60).