However, it is unclear whether these genes are functionally related to Glipr1, Clec12a, and Phlda3. There was no increase with aging in the expression levels of genes associated with anti-apoptosis and tumorigenesis, which is reasonable because we confirmed the absence of carcinomas in 3-, 6-, 12-, 24-, and 32–34-month-old mouse livers before gene expression analyses. This evidence concerns the gene PHLDA3 and carcinoma.