To assess whether FLT3 CAR T cells can effectively eliminate AML while sparing FLT3-edited haematopoiesis, we sequentially engrafted NBSGW mice with CD34+ HSPCs (either FLT3BE or AAVS1BE) and a human patient-derived AML xenograft (PDX-1), characterized by MLL-AF9 and FLT3-ITD, previously transduced with a reporter gene to facilitate its detection within the mixed haematopoiesis (Extended Data Fig. 7l,m and Supplementary Fig. 4c). Here, CD34 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.