Recent therapeutic studies have further shown that administration of autologous T cells expressing a TCR specific for a KRAS mutant epitope elicits an anti-tumor immune response (Leidner et al, 2022), whereas mRNA vaccines targeting patient-specific neoantigens led to immune responses concordant with prevention of relapse in half of patients after surgery in early-stage disease (Rojas et al, 2023). This evidence concerns the gene KRAS and neoplasm.