In this model, liver injury and cholestasis as evidenced by increased serum bile acids, are associated with intestinal dysbiosis, increased intestinal permeability, increased LPS absorption into the portal vein, recruitment and activation of hepatic macrophages and upregulation of the proinflammatory cytokines Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)[4, 8, 11, 12]. Here, TNF is linked to cholestasis.