CCL3 and periventricular leukomalacia: Additionally, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was also highly expressed among ALPHI experiencing viral suppression, while the chemokine CCL3 was significantly expressed among ALPHI experiencing virological failure as compared to those on viral suppression; p<0.01 (Figure 1) However, only cytokines IL-1β and IL-4 were negatively correlated with PVL (r= -0.44; p<0.01 and r= -0.27; p=0.04 respectively; Figure 2), suggesting that lower levels of IL-1β and IL-4 are associated with increased severity of PVL, while chemokine CCL2 alone was positively correlated with PVL; r= 0.36; p<0.01.