Recent analyses of iPSC cell-based models further suggest that toxic effects of human astrocytes on MN survival and neurite outgrowth may also be the result of an enhanced secretion of inflammatory cytokines from reactive FUS-ALS astrocytes (Stoklund Dittlau et al., 2022) as well as increased release of ATP released through the opening of Cx43 hemichannels that are upregulated in fALS SOD1 and sALS astrocytes (Almad et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene SOD1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.