Specifically, it was found that ACM and/or extracellular vesicles released from diverse human ALS astrocytes subtypes was toxic to MNs due to decreased levels of miR-494-3p in C9ORF72-ALS (Varcianna et al., 2019), reduced levels of miR-146a in SOD1-ALS and sALS (Gomes et al., 2022), and lower concentrations of anti-oxidant proteins in C9ORF72-ALS (Birger et al., 2019). Here, PROS1 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.