Thus, primary ALS and ALS/FTD astrocytes derived from transgenic mouse models harboring pathogenic gene mutations in SOD1, TARDBP and C9ORF72 reduce the number of healthy wild-type MNs in co-cultures or after application of astrocyte conditioned media (ACM) (Vargas et al., 2006; Di Giorgio et al., 2007; Nagai et al., 2007; Fritz et al., 2013; Re et al., 2014; Rojas et al., 2014; Ikiz et al., 2015; Rojas et al., 2015; Jury et al., 2020; Mishra et al., 2020; Arredondo et al., 2022). The gene discussed is C9orf72; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.